optimisation of a fixed route bus network

three models of a bus service network serving an area of uniform travel demand are described. minimisation of the total generalised cost of travel determines the nature of the optimum service in terms of the average spacing of the routes and the density of buses on the routes. the way in which these parameters depend on travel demand is illustrated, and the interrelation of peak and off-peak services is considered. a model which can be used to evaluate a real bus route network is also described. (this report is the text of a lecture given at the seminar on theoretical models for fixed-schedule and demand-actuated bus routeing in urban areas, held at linkoping university, sweden on 28-30 may 1973) (a).